College American House of Wisdom and the House of Wisdom questions

1- What is the difference between the House of Wisdom and the House of Wisdom? Who among them is a product of the Abbasids?

2- Who is Al-Mansour bin Al-Hussein Al-Hallaj? What was his job? How did it end? And why?

3- It is said that the heresy appeared in the Abbasid era? What is this?

4- What is the truth about burning books and throwing them into the Tigris River by the Mongols when the Abbasid Caliphate fell?

5- What is meant by the caliph? That is, what does the word caliph mean as a definition?

6- What are the insignia of the Caliphate? Are there specific emblems representing the state to be considered a caliphate? Can any country be called a caliphate?

7-Did the caliphs receive a salary?

8– Who are the caliphs who were described as the fifth caliph? To clarify here… there are four Rightly Guided Caliphs throughout history (they are the ones who ruled the Islamic world after the death of the Messenger Muhammad (PBUH), but some caliphs appeared there after the rule of the Rightly Guided Caliphate) and were described as the fifth Caliph? Why? And who are they????

9- Why do historians disagree about the validity of this (Umayyad) caliphate in terms of the nature of rule? Some historians doubt this caliphate, while others acknowledge the right of the Umayyads to this caliphate. Why in short?