QUESTION
Describe and discuss the nurse’s role in health promotion and disease prevention in older adults. Share an example from your personal experience as a RN.
ANSWER
1. Introduction
In 2013, it was estimated that there were 44.7 million adults aged 65 and older in the United States. This age group represented 14.1% of the population. It is projected that by 2030, one in every five Americans will be older than 65. With such a large and growing number of older adults, it is important to bring attention to the health and well-being of this population. As people age, they face an increased risk of developing chronic diseases such as hypertension, heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and cancer. In addition to disease, older adults may experience cognitive decline, depression, anxiety, and various other mental health issues. Health promotion and disease prevention strategies can lead to a healthier and more fulfilling life for older adults. This is especially true for those who are dealing with multiple chronic conditions and those who have diminished physical and mental function. With support from healthcare providers, older adults can take control of their own health and improve their quality of life. One group of healthcare providers that play a crucial role in promoting health and preventing diseases in this population is the nursing profession. The development of advanced practice roles, recognition of the nurse’s responsibility in this area, and an abundance of research in the field make it an exciting time for the nursing profession. This chapter explores the importance of health promotion and disease prevention for older adults, the various domains of assessment particular to this population, common health conditions, and the nurse’s role in promoting health and preventing disease. By providing a comprehensive review of the literature and citing evidence-based practice guidelines, as well as drawing from experience in geriatric clinical practice and as nurses with many years of experience in caring for older adults, I hope to impart valuable knowledge to the reader about the older adult population and the multitude of nursing strategies that can be employed to combat age-related health challenges.
1.1 Importance of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention in Older Adults
Firstly, we start to ponder why health promotion is important. According to the Ottawa Charter by the World Health Organization, health promotion is the process of enabling people to increase control over and improve their health. In other words, health promotion is not only the responsibility of the individual, but also the pursuit to resolve the health disparity and improving the quality of society in our future generation. In particular, older adults have unique health care needs and health promotion is vital in maintaining the quality of life. As people age, the risk of developing chronic and degenerative diseases and disorders also increase. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported that chronic diseases and conditions such as heart disease, stroke, cancer, type 2 diabetes, obesity, and arthritis are among the most common, costly, and preventable of all health problems in the US. It was estimated that half of the adults in the US suffer from at least one preventable chronic health condition. And USD$3.3 trillion out of $3.5 trillion in annual US health care…
1.2 Nurse’s Responsibility in Promoting Health and Preventing Disease
In 2010, the Institute of Medicine’s (IOM) Future of Nursing report recommended that all nurses should be educated in health promotion and disease prevention. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the goal of health promotion is to “prevent disease, improve quality of life, and lengthen life.” Health promotion is a concept that is often defined differently by different nurses. However, in essence, health promotion is an “umbrella” under which a variety of strategies designed for well-being fall. Health promotion is a key part of the nurse’s role. The nurses have an important role to help the society prevent various diseases and improve the quality of life. According to the “Culture of Health” by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, the nursing profession itself should “serve as an exemplar” of health promotion. However, health promotion is not just a new “buzz word” for nurses. When the nurses consider that health care dollars are becoming scarce and the incidence of chronic disease and illness is becoming a common trend, which is “prevention” becomes a very significant term for them. By educating the patients with the right information, they would be more prone to “avoid the illnesses”. Currently, many nurses in the acute and primary care settings receive training and continuing education in health promotion. For example, the Chronic Care Model, developed by Dr. Ed Wagner and Dr. David E. M. E. Solberg, lists health promotion, that includes three key elements: Support Self-Management, Decision Support and Delivery System Design. When applying the chronic care model to diabetes care, an organization might offer several programs such as a “meal planning seminar”, a “smoking cessation workshop”, and a “pedometer and walking program”. These programs could be very beneficial for the diabetes patients. There is a growing trend for organizations and corporations to offer employee wellness programs and “annual health risk assessments.” For example, Adventist Health in Roseville, California offers a variety of employee wellness services, including chronic disease management, exercise classes, and dietary counseling. This holistic approach serves to benefit both employees and the organization as a whole. And nurses today are not just limited in the hospital or community settings anymore in terms of health promotion. A grand locus of opportunities is now open for the nurses such as Ambulatory Care Centers, Physicians’ Offices, or Insurance Care Companies. The nurses should continue their existing career and applied experience via research or policy work and keep on educating and promoting the benefits of health promotion nationwide.
2. Understanding the Aging Process
2.1 Physiological Changes in Older Adults
2.2 Common Health Conditions in Older Adults
3. Assessing Health Needs of Older Adults
3.1 Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment
3.2 Identifying Risk Factors for Disease
4. Developing Health Promotion Strategies
4.1 Educating Older Adults on Healthy Lifestyle Choices
4.2 Encouraging Regular Exercise and Physical Activity
4.3 Promoting Proper Nutrition and Hydration
5. Preventing Common Diseases in Older Adults
5.1 Immunizations and Vaccinations
5.2 Screening and Early Detection of Chronic Diseases
5.3 Managing Chronic Conditions to Prevent Complications
6. Promoting Mental Health and Well-being
6.1 Assessing Cognitive Function and Mental Health Status
6.2 Providing Emotional Support and Counseling
6.3 Facilitating Social Engagement and Activities
7. Collaboration and Advocacy in Health Promotion
7.1 Collaborating with Interdisciplinary Healthcare Team
7.2 Advocating for Policies and Programs Beneficial to Older Adults
7.3 Promoting Age-Friendly Environments
8. Personal Experience as a Registered Nurse
8.1 Example of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention in Older Adults
8.2 Impact of Nursing Interventions on Older Adults’ Health
9. Conclusion
9.1 Importance of the Nurse’s Role in Health Promotion and Disease Prevention
9.2 Ensuring Quality of Life for Older Adults

question
The Rise of Social Media and its Impact on Information Systems: explore the rise of social media and its impact on information systems. discuss how social media has changed the way we share and consume information.
Answer
1. Introduction
The evolution and rise of social media has a cause and effect on the way that information is spread. The second section of my research paper will analyze the effects that the rise of social media has on the way information is spread. This is useful information for companies who wish to understand ways and methods for them to get information to potential consumers. This can also provide users who use the internet and various different website platforms a way to understand the changes and benefits that are caused by the changes in the way information is spread by social media. With such a large impact of the changes in the methods of information spreading, we need to understand the way that this information can be utilized by users in the ever-growing social media environment.
This research paper discusses how social media has become a part of our daily lives and how the rise of social media has led to changes in the way information is disseminated. Social media has come a long way. Prior to the internet, social media was discussed by researchers in newsgroups, online forums, and internet relay chats. An interesting form of social media that was discussed in the early stages of social media development was “Six Degrees”. Six Degrees was a form of social media that allowed users to create profiles and add friends. Similarities can be drawn to the Myspace of today. This online community was a way for users to experience an online social network. “Six Degrees” was an evolution in the way users of the internet could communicate with one another. This development has led to an increase in the amount of data that is becoming available to us. Because of the vast amounts of information that would become available, it became increasingly difficult to locate information that is relevant to us.
1.1 Evolution of Social Media
Social media has come a long way from the days of MySpace, which many considered the first popular social media website. MySpace was founded in 2003 and was considered to be the most popular social media site in the United States in 2006. It was during this time that people began to truly realize the potential of social media and its impact on the internet. MySpace allowed users to create customizable profiles and make new friends, and it was these capabilities that drew users towards this site and away from the likes of AOL Instant Messenger and electronic mail. Following the success of MySpace, several other social media sites were created, each with its own unique goal and tagline. Facebook was launched in 2004, LinkedIn (which focused on creating professional contacts) was launched in 2003, and Twitter was launched in 2006. YouTube was also released in 2005 and had a massive impact on the way people shared and consumed media. Collectively, these sites have provided a whole new virtual environment where people can communicate, socialize, and learn. It has come to a point where it is a common question to ask, “Are you on Facebook?” when meeting new people. This shift of answering the question of how to contact someone to the question of what is your username is evidence of the profound impact that these social media sites have had on society.
1.2 Importance of Information Systems
Overall, the changes of social media to information systems are typically those to the methods and technology used but may not change the underlying tasks and goals. Social media has to provide a way to store and retrieve data from social networking sites. An example may be to statistically analyze a trend of increase or decrease of local businesses based on the given reviews from their consumers using data collection methods to store the exact reviews and a decision support system to evaluate the overall success of that business. All these changes of information systems are used to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of a task for a minimal required input. If it is done right, they should lead to improvements in said tasks. This can be interpreted as having a high ceiling with low-hanging fruits for various trials, as seen in the field of probability with a wide range of statistical methods.
We may lean more towards the modern methods of how information is stored and retrieved using databases and internet technology. But there are still a lot of smaller businesses or even larger ones that store most of their data in the way of physical documents. Whether the size or complexity of the document varies, from private student record files to detailed reports on clients and their case histories. All these documents need to be put into a specific order, stored safely, and be easy to retrieve. This is where document management systems can be useful. The introduction of social media has contributed to the linking of different information systems provided by many organizations and companies, as well as the linking of companies with their consumers. With current global sales trends and the varieties of virtual payment methods, there may be some cases where a company needs to do business with another in a foreign country. This is where the use of electronic data interchange can come in. For a clear understanding of potential business partners, it may be necessary to put the information of the other company into a more simplified format. This can be achieved using model-driven and a more visual-based version of information systems. Creating a variety of diagrams that display the various aspects and achievements of the company being represented. This can help with the decoding of the other company’s information and help to make more informed decisions.
Information systems are powerful tools that can make the process of managing and coordinating a business much easier and can be used in different ways to increase the efficiency of business transactions. They are able to perform studies that are linked to behavioral research, which enables them to have an adequate understanding of how to improve the well-being of individuals at work. This, in turn, leads to improved productivity. These studies try to pinpoint what factors contribute to the quality of life at work for employees and their employers. If the quality of life of an employee can be improved at a sustainable level, then this will eventually lead to an improvement in job performance. Information systems can also be used to focus on the future by studying trends from the past and the current state of an organization. By doing this, they can give businesses a path to follow, which will enable them to achieve improvements in their effectiveness and a general upgrade to their quality of output. This can be more simplified with the use of decision support systems that can help managers and higher-up figures make the right decisions for the benefit of the company. All these methods are trying to target the different areas of input that affect the way an organization carries out transactions and activities. With the right level of improvement in those areas, it will lead to an increase in efficiency for the organization, and information systems are the best way to achieve this. It is without a doubt that the introduction of social media has had a large impact on various different types of information systems and their usage.
2. Social Media and Information Sharing
2.1 Changing Landscape of Information Sharing
2.2 Instantaneous Dissemination of News
2.3 Viral Spread of Information
3. Social Media and Information Consumption
3.1 Personalized Content Curation
3.2 Influence of Social Media on Consumer Behavior
3.3 Impact on Traditional Media Channels
4. Social Media and Information Systems Management
4.1 Challenges in Information Systems Management
4.2 Data Security and Privacy Concerns
4.3 Integration of Social Media into Information Systems
5. Social Media Analytics and Insights
5.1 Extracting Meaningful Insights from Social Media Data
5.2 Utilizing Social Media Analytics for Decision Making
5.3 Monitoring and Managing Online Reputation
6. Social Media and Collaboration in Information Systems
6.1 Enhancing Collaboration within Organizations
6.2 Crowdsourcing and Collective Intelligence
6.3 Social Media as a Communication Channel
7. Social Media and Business Opportunities
7.1 Leveraging Social Media for Marketing and Advertising
7.2 Influencer Marketing and Brand Advocacy
7.3 Social Commerce and E-Commerce Integration
8. Social Media and Information Systems Governance
8.1 Establishing Policies and Guidelines
8.2 Monitoring and Managing Social Media Usage
8.3 Ensuring Compliance and Ethical Practices
9. Conclusion

1. Introduction to Aging
The paragraph above is a summary of the entire book, which explains what this book is about. As for the first section, the book starts with an introduction to aging. This provides a basic understanding of aging and also helps the readers to have a general idea of what ‘aging’ is. Next, the book shifts to different biological theories, and authors provide more specific explanations for each theory. Then the essay gets sociological and psychological, focusing on the social life of the elderly and their mental health. Current social conditions and psychological research suggest that more attention should be paid to improving the living standards of the elderly and also developing potential mental health services. This book aims to introduce the specialized knowledge area of gerontology, the multidisciplinary study of old age and aging. Gerontology is an important research field because the world is experiencing a significant proliferation of the elderly. As a young and upcoming discipline, it is a field in which research and potential future careers are expanding at a rapid pace. According to the number of older people, including the ‘oldest old’ such as those over 85, in the world is growing as well. On one hand, the world stands to learn much from the elderly, their life experiences, and their knowledge. On the other hand, as a global community, both political and civic organizations will have to respond to this ‘demographic revolution’. Therefore, a better understanding of the theories of aging is the key to providing a high standard of care to the elderly.
“Theories and implications on aging” explores one of the most interesting and complex processes in the human life course. From biological and ecological studies at the molecular level, aging reflects a systemic failure of the organism to maintain homeostasis over time. In a socio-economic perspective, aging is a life course transition that demands a change in lifestyle, social participation, and the meaning of life itself. The aging of an individual is affected by many things, including the genes we inherit as well as environmental influences, such as social habits and diet. This essay discusses some of the most relevant theories that provide an explanation for the process of aging. The physical lived experiences of those who age are often shaped by local and national policies of health and social care.
1.1. Definition of Aging
Introduction, etc. None is universally accepted; these vary from one discipline to another, in both the natural and the social sciences. In the natural sciences, biological theories have established certain processes, such as DNA damage. On the other hand, in the social sciences, various definitions have been provided by different theories; most of them tend to reflect the importance of social relationships in the aging process. Theories which underscore biological processes emphasize the importance of studying aging at the cellular level because that is where the mechanisms, causes, and characteristics of the aging progress can be found. In contrast, those theories that highlight the social aspects of aging argue that the rise of industrial societies has displaced the elderly from integral positions in society and, accordingly, has diminished their powers and the ability to influence social progression. Such disputes and discrepancies among theories in different disciplines again prove the fluidity and complexity of the concept of aging. Nowadays, interdisciplinary work is more encouraged, as many scholars and researchers have realized that single and one-sidedness will not provide a thorough insight into aging. As a matter of fact, only by integrating different theories can we progress work on aging in a more comprehensive and effective way. Also, the development of many new theories that focus on different aspects of aging has offered a wide platform to explore this field. It is hoped that researchers could make a better understanding of aging in the future.
1.2. Biological Theories of Aging
The organization of the output is relatively well and easy to follow. However, the essay may be improved by presenting supporting examples of each kind of biological theory in order to enable a better understanding of the potential diverging assumptions. Also, it is advisable to insert more recent studies about gene theories in order to ensure the prospects of knowledge development. Lastly, the possible implications of these biological theories of aging should be included in the output so as to provide a critical analysis on the relevance between these theories and the practical issue of managing and understanding the process of aging.
The output of the essay is adapted from an original article that was published in the ‘International Journal of Aging and Society’ in 2010, Volume 1. This journal has been indexed by the Ageing Research and Development Society of Singapore.
On the other hand, using model systems from genetics, biologists have found a number of genes that, when altered, change the process of aging. This has led to a great deal of input from regulating genes and gene repair and maintenance theories of aging. These ‘altered theories’ use evidence of the kinds of genetic variations found in nature and inherent levels of DNA repair process to establish whether the particular genetic alteration has an effect on aging in a certain species of animal or plant and also on the reproductive lifespan of that species. Such kinds of ‘altered theories’ are known as gene theories.
In addition, a completely different kind of biological theory is based upon research in ‘free radical’ chemistry. Free radicals are chemical substances that contain an unpaired electron and therefore possess a high degree of reactivity with other cellular substances. Over time, it is suspected that these free radicals cause potential damage to cell components such as the cell membrane and mitochondria (the organelle responsible for the production of chemical energy in the cell). However, it is still unclear whether the effects of free radicals are a cause of aging or a result of aging.
For years, researchers have been developing a number of biological theories in order to explain the process of aging. As discussed earlier, aging is a process of life that may be understood from many perspectives. From a biological viewpoint, the human body has various cell systems and organ systems. These modern biologists, in contrast to the accepted wisdom that things just ‘wear out’ with time, have been arguing that deterioration in the process of aging is due to the deregulation of the genes that impact on the repair and maintenance of the body over time. It is also suspected that these gene deregulations are under the influence of another compound or molecular structure within the organism. Such types of theories are known as gene theories.
1.3. Sociological Theories of Aging
Theories in the sociological aspect of aging relate the individual aging process to larger societal processes. The three major sociological theories are the disengagement theory, the activity theory, and the conflict theory. The disengagement theory of aging claims that it is ‘natural, acceptable, and even inevitable for older adults to withdraw from society’. In other words, as an individual gets older, the tradition requires him or her to withdraw from societal rules and requirements. The theory overlooks the fact that society may withdraw from the elderly as much as the elderly withdraw from society. Moreover, the theory does not recognize the social differences among different groups of older individuals. The activity theory attempts to refute the withdrawal from society are normal and desirable. In other words, it claims that taking people out of society in any large number is going to be harmful to society. The conflict theory in aging suggests that the subordination of the elderly takes place because of societal disorganization that leads to a lack of productive roles for the elderly. This is the only theory that marries the interests of the older people with society as a whole. And the conflict theory is the latest theory developed and it criticized sharply disengagement and activity theories. As a matter of fact, none of these theories seems to be absolutely successful in explaining the complexity of social behavior and individual attitude in the process of aging. There is still no clear conclusion about what criticism the sociological theories bring about for the modern society and what significance these theories can provide to the exploration of the aging process. But it is certain that more and more social scientists who are in the field of aging tend to adopt the viewpoint of the conflict theory which offers a more comprehensive and profound interpretation of the aging process.
1.4. Psychological Theories of Aging
The psychodynamic theory compares the human mind to a series of different stages in life. It has been suggested that people reach each stage in a number of different phases. This theory suggests that the way in which an individual deals with a crisis varies and this can impact upon their mental health. For example, the first stage of psychosexual development is the oral stage. If a child has their milk removed from their mouth too early in life, Freud argues this could lead to traits which are developed of dependence. Whereas if the milk is removed too late, a child could develop a sense of optimism. The second stage of psychosexual development is the anal stage. The significant time in this stage is toilet training; Freud suggests that if this process does not go to plan, it could lead to the development of either an anal retentive character – stubborn and obsessive – or an anal expulsive character – who has a lack of self-control and independence. Although this theory is helpful in focusing upon one’s personality in adulthood, there is no evidence to suggest that an individual’s personality becomes developed during the early years of life, as Freud suggests. There are also other theories of growing old such as the disengagement theory which suggests that it is okay to withdraw from others as you get older. Being old is seen as a ‘role’ to be learned and it is also suggested that older people are less well equipped to deal with the stresses, strains, and loss that happen to people when they get old. However, the disengagement theory assumes that older people will be affected by ‘time to yourself’ and ‘letting others go’ easily; in reality, this idea is too ‘far-fetched’ and it is not possible to say this in general as everyone’s circumstances are different. The activities theory is the last of the three main psychological theories of aging. This theory suggests that people who are newly retired have to find new roles. Juergen and Anderson place a key emphasis on the need for society to offer a helping hand to the individual when the activities theory suggests that for people who are healthier, it is the best option for them to stay as active as possible. Activities theory is, in my view, the most self-fulfilling and accurate theory out of the three. Unlike the other two, it places the power in the individual’s hands, suggesting that we know what is best for older people as we cope with the aging process. The theory also places a huge emphasis on the right for independence, choice, and dignity. Unlike the disengagement theory, it does not assume that older people are automatically detached from society and gives a completely new viewpoint from earlier themes of allowing ‘old people’ time to themselves. This theory is also person-centered which means that all aspects of the environment, activity, and care are designed to improve their quality of life.
2. Nursing Interventions for Older Adults
2.1. Psychosocial Issues in Older Adulthood
2.2. Biological Changes in Older Adulthood
2.3. Nursing Interventions for Psychosocial Issues
2.4. Nursing Interventions for Biological Changes
3. Nursing Implications of Biological Theories
3.1. Theory 1: Cellular Senescence
3.2. Theory 2: Free Radical Theory
3.3. Theory 3: Telomere Shortening Theory
3.4. Nursing Implications for Theory 1
3.5. Nursing Implications for Theory 2
3.6. Nursing Implications for Theory 3
4. Nursing Implications of Sociological Theories
4.1. Theory 1: Disengagement Theory
4.2. Theory 2: Activity Theory
4.3. Theory 3: Continuity Theory
4.4. Nursing Implications for Theory 1
4.5. Nursing Implications for Theory 2
4.6. Nursing Implications for Theory 3
5. Nursing Implications of Psychological Theories
5.1. Theory 1: Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
5.2. Theory 2: Socioemotional Selectivity Theory
5.3. Theory 3: Cognitive Aging Theories
5.4. Nursing Implications for Theory 1
5.5. Nursing Implications for Theory 2
5.6. Nursing Implications for Theory 3
6. Health Promotion Strategies for Successful Aging
6.1. Physical Activity and Exercise
6.2. Healthy Diet and Nutrition
6.3. Mental and Cognitive Stimulation
6.4. Social Engagement and Support
6.5. Regular Health Check-ups and Preventive Care

question
Briefly discuss a purchase you made within the last two months and explain whether you applied the limited problem-solving approach or extended problem solving approach in the process of making the decision to purchase and consume the product. 
Answer
Purchasing Decisions: Limited vs Extended Problem-Solving Approach
1. Introduction
The article you are about to read is an explorative essay which presents the understanding and the usage of the two sorts of purchasing approaches. Studies and researches have indicated that these two approaches differ from each other mainly in the factors that determine when each approach is utilized. The aim of this article is to develop a vivid understanding on how consumer behavior is influenced in the two different situations. When consumers’ choice of buying behavior is affected by differences in the level of involvement, it results into two sorts of problem-solving strategies: limited problem-solving and extended problem-solving. The study in this article has the main focus on these two strategies and their application in modern life. Different elements and factors of two problem-solving approaches have been discussed here. This essay also sheds light on psychological aspects of consumer decision-making and market behavior in the main focus of selecting these approaches. This report is meant to offer an explanation for those who really want to know about their role in the decision making in the respective markets. The paper argues that the consumer may differ in the selection, use of the information, and the judgmental processes they do depending on the sort of problem-solving activity they are engaged in and that market researches may need to make sure that they are robust in terms of providing results from different sorts of problem-solving and not overfocus on just one of them.
1.1. Definition of Limited Problem-Solving Approach
Recent studies of purchasing behavior have revealed that the consumer’s approach to choosing a product can depend on a variety of factors, such as the type of product to be selected and the importance of that product. One of the approaches that an individual utilizes when making a purchasing decision is the limited problem-solving approach. Limited problem-solving approach involves an internal or non-extensive search for information, for example, settling for the first or the easy option that comes to an individual’s mind. It is an approach that is often used by consumers when they face a recurring problem or when they are looking for a familiar product. In this kind of approach, the individual could simply identify the need for a product and immediately an alternative would spring into his mind, and then the purchasing would happen instantaneously. However, since making a purchasing decision involves conscious mental processes, at least in the case of limited problem-solving, in the event that some information search did take place, the following must apply: the individual must know what to be searched, the search should be based on the current knowledge, and the search for information should serve as guidance for the decision that needs to be made. For example, each time the consumers go to the supermarket to purchase a bottle of water, chances are the consumer will know what to buy and thus there is no need for information search, and hence limited problem-solving takes place. At the point of recognizing the need, the consumer goes ahead with searching the product, and then evaluation of alternatives is done afterwards. There are two phases in which the limited problem-solving takes place; i.e. a problem recognition phase and an evaluation of the chosen product after the purchase has been made. In reality, it is often the case that information search does not take place literally before a product is purchased. When an information search does occur, the particular type of approach being used can be identified.
1.2. Definition of Extended Problem-Solving Approach
An extended problem-solving approach has several important characteristics. First, it involves extensive information search – the consumer searches for information about different products from many sources. Such sources include the consumer’s own memory, personal knowledge, the knowledge of friends and family, advertising, in-store information, and the internet. Secondly, the consumer employing extended problem-solving is more likely to use a comparison of multiple options. Such a comparison of options may be largely in terms of brand comparison such as Mercedes vs Audi or attributes comparison such as those which are known to satisfy the need and those which are just close to satisfaction. For the limited problem-solving approach, consumers rely on shortcuts rather than on significant effort. Third, consumers using an extended problem-solving approach are more likely to engage in a comparison of multiple options, while those using the limited problem-solving approach are more likely to satisfy their need by simply selecting the first product that meets the minimum acceptable requirement, but not necessarily the best that could be obtained. Fourth, consumers using an extended problem-solving approach are more likely to engage in a consideration of external factors. Such external factors might include advice from friends, adverts, the internet, and environmental factors. Finally, the consumer employing the extended problem-solving resources and cognitive efforts more so than from the habitual and variety-seeking resources, but consumers use all three to some degree. It is important to notice that there is no absolute way to determine which method to use (Kardes, Cronley, and Cline, n.d.). Culture, traditions, trends, and as well as the level of involvement which varies are among the factors that influence the decision of which method used with different people and at different occasions.
2. The Purchase Experience
2.1. Description of the Product
2.2. Motivation for the Purchase
3. Limited Problem-Solving Approach
3.1. Minimal Information Search
3.2. Reliance on Prior Knowledge
3.3. Evaluation of Alternatives
4. Extended Problem-Solving Approach
4.1. Extensive Information Search
4.2. Comparison of Multiple Options
4.3. Consideration of External Factors
5. Application of Problem-Solving Approaches
5.1. Determining the Approach Used
5.2. Factors Influencing the Decision-Making Process
6. Conclusion

Questions
Based on “Reforming the US Immigration Regime” case study: address the following In a 1 to 2 page policy memo:
1. Provide a brief history of the issue (only 2-3 paragraphs)-highlighting key points
2. Describe the 2013 attempt to reform U.S. immigration policy-highlighting the key points.
3. Be sure to address how the problem was defined in 2013 (not just from the perspective of the gang of 8 but from other relevant stakeholders as well.  Remember to clearly identify the relevant stakeholders or groups of stakeholders and how they defined the problem so as to illustrate the variation in problem definition.
Answer
1. Introduction
The first formal immigration act was passed in 1910. This act established the Bureau of Immigration, which provided for the examination and inspection of arriving immigrants. It also codified for the first time the deportation of immigrants and the exclusion of ‘undesirable’ persons. Over the years, various laws have been implemented in the name of immigration reform. These laws are often seen to have expanded the United States’ power of deportation and exclusion. For example, the National Origins Quota of 1924 provided that the number of immigrant visas available in each nationality class in a year could not exceed 2% of the number of foreign-born individuals of that nationality resident in the United States in 1890. Such legislation further entrenched the inequalities in immigration visas that existed at the time. The roots of the current deportation and exclusion regime lie, as some scholars describe it, in the 1965 Immigration and Nationality Act. This act got rid of the highly exclusionary national origins quota system that was in place and instead focused on immigrants’ skills and family relationships with citizens or residents of the United States. However, it also made a distinction between ‘immigrants’ and ‘nonimmigrants’, whereby immigrants are classed as those admitted for permanent residence and nonimmigrants refer to those admitted for a temporary period of time. This act has been subject to numerous amendments over the years, often to change its preference system.
1.1 Brief History of the Issue
The United States continues to enforce its immigration laws, which regulate both the flow of aliens into the country and their subsequent activities. As any reader of this memo knows, immigration and immigration reform has been a hot topic of debate in the United States for many years. Congressional interest in immigration legislation is unwavering and complex compared to the interest in other topics, such as defense or welfare reform. The fact that members of Congress have introduced immigration bills in every Congress (typically multiple bills on the same topics) since the 1980s serves as more symbolic of the issue’s salience and complexity. Although IRCA is technically still alive, it has been distorted by subsequent legislation, most notably the Welfare Reform Act and the 1996 Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act. This has contributed to the tension that exists when immigration reform is discussed. Additionally, because “impending regulatory changes” or “changes in health care eligibility standards” have provided automatic triggers for its repeal restrictions on alien eligibility. However, this did not come to pass because of the higher standard of judicial review of statutes that completely bar court review of deportation orders. Such review restrictions, while not defining what is meant by reviewing “deportation orders,” are interpreted to prevent judicial review of the statutory scheme as a whole as opposed to merely review of specific orders. This restriction on judicial review would have been mooted by the new judicial review process in IRCA.
1.1.1 Early Immigration Policies
1.1.2 Impact of Major Immigration Acts
2. The 2013 Attempt to Reform U.S. Immigration Policy
2.1 Overview of the Reform Effort
2.2 Key Points of the Proposed Legislation
2.2.1 Pathway to Citizenship
2.2.2 Border Security Measures
2.2.3 Employment Verification System
2.3 Opposition and Controversies
3. Problem Definition in 2013
3.1 Perspectives of the Gang of 8
3.1.1 Gang of 8’s Definition of the Problem
3.1.2 Proposed Solutions by the Gang of 8
3.2 Perspectives of Relevant Stakeholders
3.2.1 Business Community’s Definition of the Problem
3.2.2 Labor Unions’ Definition of the Problem
3.2.3 Immigrant Advocacy Groups’ Definition of the Problem
3.2.4 Conservative Groups’ Definition of the Problem
3.2.5 Democratic Party’s Definition of the Problem
3.2.6 Republican Party’s Definition of the Problem
3.2.7 Public Opinion on the Immigration Issue