1. Read “Should Cross Burnings be Protected as a Form of Free Speech?”, and address the elements listed below.
   1. Summarize the decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in both of the cases that are excerpted in the handout. In a few words, explain why the court in R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul overturned the decision of the Minnesota Supreme Court. Explain why the court upheld the Virginia statute in Virginia v. Black.
   2. In Virginia v. Black, what did the court mean when it held that “just as any state may regulate only that obscenity which is the most obscene due to its prurient content, so too may a state choose to prohibit only those forms of intimidation that are most likely to inspire fear of bodily harm”?
2. Read “Does the Sending of Obscene Material Over the Internet Constitute the Transportation of Obscene Material in Interstate Commerce?”, and address the questions below.
   1. Do you agree that the statute in question applies to computer-generated and computer-transmitted information?
   2. Should the government be required to present expert witnesses to establish that the material in question is obscene? Is this a question that a jury can decide on its own? How are jury members aware of “community standards”?
   3. If the community standards are different in Milpitas, California, from those of Memphis, Tennessee, why should the defendants be held accountable for the standards in Memphis and not those in the location where the material was transmitted?
   4. Are you satisfied with the test for obscenity? In what manner, if any, would you change the standard?

Your essay will be a minimum of two pages in length, not counting the title and reference pages. Your essay should contain a clear introduction and be well-organized.

You are required to use at least two resources to support your essay, one of which may be your textbook. All resources used including the textbook, must be referenced; paraphrased and quoted material must have accompanying citations. Your essay, including all references, will be formatted in APA style.

SCENARIO:

Judge James Shoreman is up for reelection in 2 months. He has a full docket on Monday morning. Two of the individuals on this docket are Thomas J. Catalano and Abdul Hussein Jabari.

Mr. Catalano has been charged with involuntary manslaughter. His prior record consists of breaking and entering, assault on a police officer, and possession of narcotics. Mr. Catalano has a “high-priced” lawyer with the discretionary funds for an additional investigation. Mr. Catalano has a wife and two children. He has been employed for 5 years for the local banking institution. Mr. Catalano has received a 10-year probation sentence with the stipulation that if he violates this probation, he will serve the remainder of the sentence in the state prison.

Mr. Jabari has been charged with the distribution of a controlled substance (prescription drugs). His prior record consists of possession of narcotics and falsification of identity. Mr. Jabari has a court-appointed lawyer who is on the pro bono list maintained by the judge. His funds are limited but the Muslim community has rallied to his financial aid, and there have been demonstrations at the courthouse. Mr. Jabari has a wife and three children. He has been employed for 8 years as the chief chef at a local restaurant. Mr. Jabari has received 7 years in the state prison, without the possibility of good time.

Directions:

Using 400- 600 words, please answer the following questions:

• Looking at the family situations, the employment situations, and community support, give a reason why you think the judge would render such decisions.
• How could the judge support his decisions?
• Do you think he showed any type of bias? Why or why not?
  • If he did, what form of bias?
• Could the demonstration have had an adverse effect upon the sentencing? How? Why?
• Search the Web, and find 2 examples in which minorities were sentenced unfairly.
  • Explain the reasoning behind this sentencing, and determine if the sentences were fair or biased.

Overview: In a journal assignment, reflect on discretion in discrimination, criminal investigation, and use of force. Refer to this week’s reading for information on discretion.

First, give an example of an actual event where you believe discretion was poorly used by the police or corrections officer and give an example of when you believed discretion was used correctly. Please back up your evidence from the text or outside sources.

Next you will reflect on the use of discretion in your selected case study. Consider the guiding bullet points related to your case study as you reflect on the use of discretion.

The purpose of this journal assignment is for you to reflect on your selected case study and the use of discretion. This will help you analyze the actions of the case study and begin to think about recommendations to improve leadership in your selected case study. Journals are private between the student and the instructor.

Prompt: Your memorandum should include the following critical elements:

1. Describe an example of an actual event where discretion was poorly used. Explain why you think it was poorly used.
2. Describe an example of an actual event where discretion was correctly used. Explain why you think it was correctly used.
3. Reflect on how discretion was used and should have been used in your selected case study using the appropriate guiding questions listed below:

The Flawed Emergency Response to 1992 LA Riots

•  Discuss some of the mistakes that were made in the police response that may have led to further unrest.
•  Explain how you believe discretion should have been used in this situation and what law enforcement can learn from this event in order to build trustbetween the community and law enforcement.NYPD New

 Explain how you believe discretion should have been used in this case study and what law enforcement can learn from this event in order to build trust between the community and law enforcement.

Article provided for you.

Republic Magazine states that “[t]here is nothing novel about the principle and practice of jury nullification, which dictates that citizen juries have the right and authority to rule both on the facts of a case, and the validity of a given law.” However, jury nullification remains a controversial topic in American jurisprudence.

For this Assignment, download and read the “Jury_Nullification.pdf” file from Course Resources, Course Documents. Perform some additional research on the topic of jury nullification. Then, create a voice-over PowerPoint presentation between 7 to 8 slides that explains jury nullification and include examples of when it has been used. Present the arguments for and against jury nullification, and then present your conclusion as to whether juries should be instructed that nullification is appropriate in some cases. The presentation should be persuasive and include speaker notes and embedded audio recordings explaining the content presented on each slide.

PowerPoint Format:

• Include appropriate title slide(s) for each section of your presentation.
• Use the slide notes section in the presentation to include information that follows your narration, being sure to follow the conventions of Standard English.
• Slide content should include brief points that identify the areas that will be addressed in the narration. Do not add too much content to each slide; the slides should only provide the highlights of what is being discussed in your narration.
• At least 3 in-text citations from either the course text or other scholarly sources should be included with brief points that were researched. The narration should fully explain the points.
• Cite all sources on a separate reference slide at the end of the PowerPoint and reference each source in the body of the presentation using 6^th edition APA formatting and citation style.
• Identify the source of any pictures you use, being sure to cite them correctly using 6^th edition APA style in-text citations.

Using 100 words or more, please respond to the following post concerning the most compelling topics in Criminology and Public Policy.

he most compelling topics learned in this course for me was the unit 1 discussion on why criminal justice policy has come dependent on evidence-based evaluation, and what role does accountability play when it comes to policies will it be good or effective. This was compelling to me because it taught me about criminal justice policies. Another topic that on the literature review of the sources that I used when I created my annotated bibliography. Before I took this course, I have never created my own literature review or bibliography. This course had taught me a lot about how to write a literature review.

Participating in discussions help me understand the subject matter by being able to read my classmates post I can get a better understanding of what it is that I must do if I don’t understand the assignment.

The approaches that could have yielded additional valuable information if there were more questions to be answered in the assignments, that would make for more valuable information to be learned.

I would be able to apply what I have learned to my future career aspirations, because I hope to be able to open a rehabilitation center for at risk juveniles, what I have learned will help me to know what area and types of juveniles that I could target. Also, it helps me to see that opening the centers in a major city is a great idea because in the inner city there is a larger population, which means there is more drugs and crimes in those areas, and more juveniles that I can reach.