Answer the 20 multiple chose questions.
Question Description
all what you have to do is to answer the 20 question.
Note: Please make sure that you answer them correctly because the total grade of the homework is 100 pts and each one of these question worth 5 pts.
1. Authoritarian states are characterized by strong central governments that fairly stringently limit the range of politicalactivity. More often than not, they are one-party states, which means that only one party, that which supports thegovernment, is allowed to engage in political activity. Free discussion and association are strictly curtailed in thesesystems. Anyone who might dare to criticize the government or to express ideas that are not in conformity with itspolicies can be severely punished, even by death.
a. Argument; conclusion: More often than not … engage in political activity.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: Authoritarian states … limit the range of political activity.
d. Argument; conclusion: Free discussion and association … in these systems.
2. Prior to their extinction, Neanderthals had been widespread in Europe for 100,000 years. Then 50,000 years ago,modern humans moved into Europe from Africa. Twenty-six thousand years after that the last Neanderthal died. At onetime it was thought that the Neanderthals were killed by climate change, but this theory has now been discounted. Sowhy did the Neanderthals perish? We may conclude that probably they were killed by the humans.
a. Argument; conclusion: Then 50,000 years ago … Europe from Africa.
b. Argument; conclusion: At one time it was thought … now been discounted.
c. Argument; conclusion: Prior to their extinction … 100,000 years.
d. Argument; conclusion: Probably they were killed by the humans.
3. Hair turns color when we age because the follicles at the base of the hair shaft cease to produce melanin. Melanin is achemical that gives the hair shaft its color (black, brown, blond, red, and all shades in between). The darkness or lightnessof your hair depends on how much melanin each strand contains. With age, the cells in the follicle that produce melanindie off. As they do so, that hair strand will become silver, grey, or white, as it grows.
a. Argument; conclusion: The follicles … cease to produce melanin.
b. Argument; conclusion: Hair turns color when we age.
c. Argument; conclusion: With age, the cells in the follicle … die off.
d. Nonargument.
4. Water is a highly reactive substance, quite different both physically and chemically from most other liquids. Indeed, lifeas we know it would be impossible if water did not have the properties it does. The first living systems presumably arosein the aqueous environment of shallow seas. It follows that the living organisms of the present are adapted at themolecular level to the special properties of water.
a. Argument; conclusion: Water is a highly reactive … most other liquids.
b. Argument; conclusion: The living organisms … properties of water.
c. Argument; conclusion: Life as we know it … the properties it does.
d. Nonargument.
5. Scientists have recently shown that heaps of intact DNA from the extinct wooly mammoth are retrievable from theanimals’ fur. A great deal of that fur is readily available in natural history museums. Also, such amounts of DNA make itpossible to piece together the entire mammoth genome. Hence, we can expect to see mammoth clones in the future.
a. Argument; conclusion: A great deal of that fur … natural history museums.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: Scientists have recently shown … animals’ fur.
d. Argument; conclusion: We can expect to see … in the not too distant future.
6. The loss of arctic ice is accelerating as a result of a form of positive feedback. As arctic ice melts, the arctic icecapreflects fewer rays from the sun. When this happens, more rays are absorbed by the surrounding ocean, which causes anincrease in its temperature. As the temperature of the ocean rises, more arctic ice melts.
a. Argument; conclusion: When this happens … which increases its temperature.
b. Argument; conclusion: As the temperature of the ocean rises … ice melts.
c. Argument; conclusion: The loss of arctic ice … positive feedback.
d. Nonargument.
7. Which of the following words is a premise indicator?
a. It must be the case that.
b. Thus.
c. Consequently.
d. Given that
8. Which of the following words is a conclusion indicator?
a. Because.
b. For.
c. Implies that.
d. For the reason that.
9. Imagine that a square A is placed inside a circle B. It follows that the area of A is less than the area of B.
a. Inductive, prediction.
b. Inductive, analogy.
c. Deductive, mathematics.
d. Deductive, hypothetical syllogism
10. If people can talk to the dead, then the dead are still alive. People cannot talk to the dead. Therefore, the dead are notstill alive.
a. Deductive, disjunctive syllogism.
b. Inductive, causal.
c. Deductive, hypothetical syllogism.
d. Inductive, analogy.
11. Judy and her friend Claire both love art exhibits, and Judy thought that the painting exhibit at the museum wassuperb. Therefore, probably Claire would like that exhibit, too.
a. Inductive, analogy.
b. Deductive, synonym.
c. Inductive, authority.
d. Deductive, hypothetical syllogism.
12. Michelle is an agnostic. Therefore, she doesn’t have any belief either way about whether God exists.
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